The book of Revelation describes the millennium earthly kingdom:
1Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven, having the key to the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. 2He laid hold of the dragon, that serpent of old, who is the Devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years;3and he cast him into the bottomless pit, and shut him up, and set a seal on him, so that he should deceive the nations no more till the thousand years were finished. But after these things he must be released for a little while. 4 And I saw thrones, and they sat on them, and judgment was committed to them. Then I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus and for the word of God, who had not worshiped the beast or his image, and had not received his mark on their foreheads or on their hands. And they lived and reigned with Christ for a thousand years. 5But the rest of the dead did not live again until the thousand years were finished. This is the first resurrection. 6Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection. Over such the second death has no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years. 7 Now when the thousand years have expired, Satan will be released from his prison 8and will go out to deceive the nations which are in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle, whose number is as the sand of the sea.(Rev. 20:1-8, NKJV)
For a thousand years (taken figuratively to mean “a long time” by some) Satan will be bound and the saints shall rule the earth with Christ.
Postmillennialism, like premillennialism, teaches there
will be a millennial kingdom. The difference is in the timing of Christ’s second coming. In postmillennialism, Christ’s second coming is after the millennium. In premillennialism, His second coming is before.
Part of the explanation for this difference in chronology comes from the previous chapter in Revelation, summarized by the rider of the white (pale) horse:
And I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse; and he that sat upon him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he doth judge and make war. (Rev. 19:11, NASB)
Both postmills and premills agree that the events described in Rev. 19 occur
prior to the events of Rev. 20 (the millennium) but they differ greatly in their interpretation. Premills interpret Rev. 19 as the second coming, and since it occurs before the millennium of chapter 20, well that’s what makes them premills. Postmills interpret the events of Rev. 19 as signifying
the ultimate victory of the church on earth, not the second coming. It symbolizes victory of the gospel and the ultimate success of the great commission to evangelize the world.
To the postmill, Christ will rule during the millennium but it will be from heaven. For the premill, Christ will physically be on earth during the millennium.
Postmillennialism is by its nature optimistic about human history, and this is a logical necessity given their interpretation of Revelation 19. To the postmill, the New Testament church is the transformed Israel, and thus he attaches no eschatological significance to the nation of Israel. The gospel will spread throughout the world, and Christianity will strengthen, not weaken. Many nations will be Christianized as the great commission succeeds in winning converts, including Jews, to Christ.
So what ushers in the millennium? Here is a big difference with premillennialists. For the postmills, there is no catastrophic event signaling the onset of the millennium, there may even be no discernable discontinuity at all. (Indeed, some believe we may
already be in the millennium period, although this is a minority view among postmills.) Christianity will expand; at some point the millennium begins, perhaps with defeat of the antichrist, and Satan (having been largely defeated by the gospel) is bound. The difference between the culmination of the church age and the millennial kingdom may be as much one of
extent as of
substance. At the end, Satan is freed and a great apostasy ensues which is terminated by Christ’s second coming and His judgment.
But things are not getting better
This is the most common criticism of the postmillennial view: it is not supported by recent world history. Indeed, postmillennialism was the dominant view among evangelicals until the nasty business of the 20th century world wars. Further damaging postmillennialism’s reputation was an unfair guilt-by-association with liberal secular progressive movements that also held to the notion that things would get better. But where the postmills attribute improvement to the work of the Holy Spirit in converting the nations, the secular progressives see man’s social evolution as the solution to world problems.
The postmillennial answer to this criticism includes at least two responses. One is that people
always think they are living in the worst of times; that the past was in many ways substantively better. Indeed, literature from the 18th (and other) centuries bears a remarkable similarity with our own writings in its pessimism about the state of the world, the condition of the church, and the deplorability of education and the youth. The postmill would ask: would you really rather live in, for example, the 14th century than the present one?
Another response acknowledges occasional valleys in the church’s battle against evil, but contends that if one looks at the overall trend from the apostolic age a clear picture of success emerges. If, for a while, we are going through a slight setback, there is no reason to assume that we are in an inevitable downward spiral; the next great revival could be just around the corner. Keep spreading the gospel and the tide will turn. In a world in which there is ubiquitous pessimism, including in the church, the optimism of the postmillennialist is refreshing.
Postmills do not share the sense of urgency that the premills do—many of whom are convinced that events in the Middle East signal that the end of the age is at hand. To a postmill, the millennium might still be thousands of years away.
Famous Postmills
There have been many famous proponents of postmillennialism including Athanasius, Calvin, A. A. Hodge, Jonathan Edwards, Charles Hodge, J. M. Kik, Augustus Strong, Loraine Boettner, R. J. Rushdoony and Greg Bahnsen. (The movement claims Agustine, but so do the amillennialists.) The reason I point out that there are theological “big shots” in the postmill camp is assure you that, as in all the millennial views, serious scholarship has occurred. I do not have the time or space to include all the biblical support for the postmill position, but you can be sure that it rests on much more that a casual interpretation of the rider of the pale horse in Revelation 19.
Theonomists
There is a subgroup within postmillennialism know as
theonomists or
reconstructionists. This group advocates an active political agenda in addition to the evangelical efforts. The idea is to accelerate, through political gains, the Christianization of the nations (or in some cases to reverse the de-Christianization) and to make the earth “ready” for the onset of the millennium. Theonomists advocate the institution of mosaic laws, including its capital offenses, into the civil code-- nothing less really than the establishment of Christian countries.
